Notes and bibliography

Sources

Turabian, 9th edition. The first record has privilege. Later memory does not. Checking should feel like part of the project, not a dead list. Full notes also live on each year page, under How we know.

1. 01scholarship

   'Mendeleev: On a Path to the Law.' Science First Hand. Reconstructs the missed meeting and the cheese-factory journey.

   See the record
2. 02map

   Abraham Ortelius. Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. Antwerp, 1570. Control-year atlas object.

3. 03book

   Adams, Douglas. The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. London: Pan, 1979. The number 42 as a fictional answer is 1979, not 1942 or 42 CE. Adams born 1952.

4. 04primary

   al-Tabari. History of the Prophets and Kings. Later narrative of the Battle of Nahavand, conventionally 642, and of the Egyptian conquest as a span with 641.

5. 05primary

   Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Notices of the northern revolt and William’s winter campaign, 1069–70.

6. 06primary

   Antoninianus of Zenobia as Augusta. Antioch mint, March–May 272. RIC V.2. Classical Numismatic Group. Photograph on Wikimedia Commons. The strike is later than 269.

   See the record
7. 07scholarship

   Arabic biographies of Salah al-Din. Vizierate in Fatimid Egypt, 1169.

8. 08scholarship

   Arabic histories of the Zanj rebellion in lower Iraq, beginning 869.

9. 09scholarship

   Arabic historiographical tradition on Jawhar’s conquest of Egypt and the founding of al-Qahira, 969.

10. 10archive

    Armstrong, Neil. Photograph of Buzz Aldrin on the Moon. NASA AS11-40-5927, 21 July 1969. Public domain, United States government work.

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11. 11primary

    Augustine. Retractationes, on Contra duas epistulas Pelagianorum. The work is dated 420 or a little later. Contra Julianum is commonly 421. Approximate is not promoted as a 420 bang.

12. 12journal

    Celsius, Anders. Paper on a hundred-degree thermometer. Uppsala, 1742. Later inversion of boiling and freezing points is a subsequent social fact.

13. 13primary

    Charles Green. Astronomical observations on the Endeavour voyage, 1769. Green died at Batavia on the return.

14. 14primary

    Charles V. Leyes Nuevas (New Laws of the Indies). Promulgated 20 November 1542. Ordinance restraining encomienda and Indian slavery in stated terms.

15. 15museum

    Codex Amiatinus. Wearmouth-Jarrow, early eighth century. Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence. Earliest nearly complete Latin Vulgate Bible. Later representation of the textual tradition, not a 420 object.

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16. 16primary

    Diamond Sutra woodblock scroll, dated 868, British Library. Control-year printed object.

17. 17primary

    Edmond Halley. Proposal for using transits of Venus to determine solar parallax. Philosophical Transactions, 1716 (method earlier than the 1761 and 1769 campaigns).

18. 18book

    Edward Wright. Certaine Errors in Navigation. London, 1599. Mathematical treatment of the projection Mercator had used.

19. 19scholarship

    Eknoyan, Garabed. 'Phosphorus: Chronicles of the epistemology of a vital element.' 2024. Places Brand’s isolation in 1669 as a reconstructed year in later chemical tradition.

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20. 20scholarship

    Eknoyan, Garabed. 'Phosphorus: Chronicles of the epistemology of a vital element.' Kidney International Reports, 2024.

21. 21scholarship

    Encyclopaedia Iranica, s.v. “Yazdegerd I” and “Bahrām V Gōr.” Specialist frame for the 399 to 420 reign, the “Sinner” title in Magian memory, Christian notices of the 410 synod, and the succession through Shapur IV, Khosrow, and Bahram V.

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22. 22reference

    Florentine record of the death of Galileo Galilei at Arcetri, 8 January 1642. The Dialogue is 1632; the trial is 1633.

23. 23primary

    Gerald of Wales. Expugnatio Hibernica. Partisan Latin account of the Angevin intervention in Ireland.

24. 24map

    Gerardus Mercator. Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata. Duisburg, 1569.

25. 25reference

    Institution of Engineering and Technology. Archives biographies: Pierre de Maricourt, 'Peter Peregrinus.'

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26. 26reference

    Isaac Newton born 25 December 1642, Julian calendar, in England; 4 January 1643 in the Gregorian count already used in much of Catholic Europe. A calendar miss for a 1642 object.

27. 27primary

    James Cook. Journal of HMS Endeavour, 1768–1771. Transit observations at Tahiti, 3 June 1769.

28. 28patent

    James Watt. British patent 913, 5 January 1769. 'A new method of lessening the consumption of steam and fuel in fire-engines.'

29. 29primary

    Jerome. Prefaces to the books of the Latin Bible, and selected letters. Statements of Hebraica veritas, the Gospel revision for Damasus I (from 382), and the turn from the Septuagint to Hebrew for the Old Testament, completed around 405.

30. 30primary

    Josephus. The Jewish War. Contemporary-adjacent witness to the Judaean war that continues through 70 CE.

31. 31book

    Jung, C. G. 'Synchronizität als ein Prinzip akausaler Zusammenhänge.' In Jung and Pauli, Naturerklärung und Psyche. Zurich: Rascher, 1952. English 1955. Collected Works, vol. 8, The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, first in the Collected Works 1960; Princeton revised volume catalogued 1970.

32. 32scholarship

    Kelly, J. N. D. Jerome: His Life, Writings, and Controversies. London: Duckworth, 1975. Standard English biography; used here for context of Bethlehem, Hebrew study, and the limits of later hagiography.

33. 33archive

    Leonard Kleinrock and UCLA records of the first ARPANET transmission, 29 October 1969, UCLA to SRI.

34. 34primary

    Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. 1st ed. London: Thomas Basset, 1690. Title page dated 1690; publication began in late 1689.

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35. 35primary

    Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, Valladolid, 19 October 1469. Capitulations and chronicles.

36. 36journal

    Mendeleev, D. I. 'Sootnoshenie svoistv s atomnym vesom elementov.' Zhurnal Russkogo khimicheskogo obshchestva 1 (1869). Presented 6 March 1869 Julian by N. A. Menshutkin.

37. 37map

    Mercator, Gerardus. Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata. Duisburg, 1569. Composite of eighteen sheets. Public domain.

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38. 38archive

    Metallurgical Laboratory records of Chicago Pile-1. First controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction, 2 December 1942, University of Chicago. The original pile was dismantled.

39. 39primary

    Movses Khorenatsi. History of the Armenians. Fifth-century Armenian history. Notices Yazdegerd I’s death in 420 as by disease. Later Persian epic (Ferdowsi) gives a white horse near Tus; treated here as later legend, not as a first record.

40. 40archive

    NASA. Apollo 11 mission documentation: air-to-ground transcripts, photographs, and sample catalogs. July 1969.

41. 41journal

    Nature 1, no. 1 (4 November 1869). Norman Lockyer, editor; Macmillan, publisher. See also Nature, 'History of Nature.'

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42. 42primary

    Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku. Entry for the Jogan earthquake and tsunami, 9 July 869. Later confirmed in sediment studies of the Sendai plain.

43. 43primary

    Nithard. Histories, book III, chapter 5. Near-contemporary record of the Oaths of Strasbourg, 14 February 842, quoting early Romance and Old High German.

44. 44primary

    Novgorod First Chronicle tradition. Battle on the Ice, 5 April 1242. Later Life of Alexander Nevsky is a saint’s life, not a war diary.

45. 45reference

    Opening of the Suez Canal, 17 November 1869. Company and khedival records; later diplomatic history of the 1875 share purchase and 1882 occupation.

46. 46primary

    Peter Abelard and Heloise. Letter corpus, earlier than 1142. Death at St. Marcel, 21 April 1142, in Cluniac notices.

47. 47primary

    Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt. Epistola de magnete. Letter dated 8 August 1269, Lucera. First printed Augsburg, 1558. English: The Letter of Petrus Peregrinus on the Magnet, A.D. 1269. Translated by Brother Arnold. New York: McGraw, 1904.

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48. 48reference

    Proclamation of the Ming dynasty by Zhu Yuanzhang, 1368. Control year for 1369.

49. 49primary

    Procopius. History of the Wars, book II, chapters 22–23. Contemporary narrative of plague in Constantinople, 542, after Pelusium in 541.

50. 50primary

    Procopius. Wars, notices of Roman-Sasanian relations under Yazdegerd I. Agathias later questions parts of the Roman diplomatic legend. Used here as a limit, not as a proof of guardianship stories.

51. 51primary

    Prosper of Aquitaine and later fifth-century chronicles. Notices used for Hun and Vandal diplomacy in the early 440s, including a commonly dated 442 treaty with Geiseric.

52. 52primary

    Prosper of Aquitaine. Epitoma Chronicon. Fifth-century chronicle giving Jerome’s death in 420. The Western feast on 30 September follows this dating.

53. 53reference

    Reference accounts of Zenobia and the Palmyrene empire, c. 269, with campaign-year uncertainty.

54. 54reference

    Resumption of the Hundred Years’ War, 1369, under Charles V.

55. 55scholarship

    Ritchie, Dennis M., and Ken Thompson. Later accounts of the origin of the Unix system at Bell Labs, 1969–1973. Treat 1969 as development, 1970 as the name.

56. 56primary

    Robert Boyle. Papers on phosphorus and the 'aerial noctiluca,' 1680s. Public chemical record after Brand’s secret.

57. 57primary

    Roger Bacon. Opus tertium. c. 1267. Contains praise of an experimenter from Picardy, commonly identified with Peregrinus.

58. 58primary

    Royal proclamations and London newsbooks, 1642. Charles I raised his standard at Nottingham, 22 August 1642. Edgehill in October.

59. 59museum

    Russell, Ben. 'James Watt and the separate condenser.' Science Museum blog, 5 January 2019.

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60. 60primary

    Shen Yue. Song Shu (Book of Song). Official history of the Liu Song. Record of Liu Yu’s accession on 10 July 420 (Yongchu 1) at Jiankang, and of the ritual abdication of Emperor Gong.

61. 61scholarship

    Sikh janamsakhi tradition and modern discussion of Guru Nanak’s birth year (commonly 1469) and the Vaisakh/Katak date dispute.

62. 62museum

    Silver drachm of Yazdegerd I, Gurgan or Qum mint, 399 to 420. Classical Numismatic Group photograph. Lifetime coin, not a death scene.

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63. 63scholarship

    Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian. Compiled eleventh century. Narrative of the 419 killing of Emperor An and the 420 abdication; a later chronicle, not a 420 diary.

64. 64critical edition

    Sjöberg, Åke W., and Eugen Bergmann. The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns. Texts from Cuneiform Sources, vol. 3. Locust Valley, NY: J. J. Augustin, 1969. With a study by Gene B. Gragg.

65. 65scholarship

    Standard accounts of Wang Anshi’s New Policies, beginning 1069 under Song Shenzong.

66. 66scholarship

    Standard Song historiography and modern discussion of Yue Fei’s imprisonment and death, January 1142, after peace with the Jin. Later cult material is separated from the date.

67. 67museum

    Stone qilin statues at the Chuning Mausoleum, Qilin Town, Nanjing. Tomb of Liu Yu, Emperor Wu of Liu Song (d. 422). Period southern-dynasty sculpture.

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68. 68primary

    Tacitus. Histories. Narrative of 69 CE, written a generation later.

69. 69reference

    Traditional dating of the Year of the Elephant / birth of Muhammad to c. 570. Neighbor-year note only, internally contested.

70. 70primary

    Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing), 29 August 1842, between Great Britain and the Qing empire. Cession of Hong Kong, five ports, indemnity. Bilingual legal text.

71. 71archive

    Wannsee Protocol, 20 January 1942. Surviving minutes of a conference coordinating the already-begun mass murder of European Jews.

72. 72critical edition

    Weber, Robert, and Roger Gryson, eds. Biblia Sacra iuxta Vulgatam versionem. 5th ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2007. Critical text of the Latin Vulgate tradition Jerome shaped; not an autograph of 420.