Notes and bibliography

Sources

Turabian, 9th edition. The first record has privilege. Later memory does not. Checking should feel like part of the project, not a dead list. Full notes also live on each year page, under How we know.

1. 01scholarship

   'Mendeleev: On a Path to the Law.' Science First Hand. Reconstructs the missed meeting and the cheese-factory journey.

   See the record
2. 02map

   Abraham Ortelius. Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. Antwerp, 1570. Control-year atlas object.

3. 03book

   Adams, Douglas. The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. London: Pan, 1979. The number 42 as a fictional answer is 1979, not 1942 or 42 CE. Adams born 1952.

4. 04primary

   al-Tabari. History of the Prophets and Kings. Later narrative of the Battle of Nahavand, conventionally 642, and of the Egyptian conquest as a span with 641.

5. 05primary

   Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae 27.5. Valens’s Gothic campaign of 369, including the crossing from Noviodunum. The peace with Athanaric is in the same narrative; its month is disputed between late 369 and early 370.

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6. 06primary

   Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Notices of the northern revolt and William’s winter campaign, 1069–70.

7. 07primary

   Annales regni Francorum, year 769. Charles campaigns in Aquitaine. His brother Carloman does not join him. Sole rule follows Carloman’s death in 771, not this year.

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8. 08primary

   Antoninianus of Zenobia as Augusta. Antioch mint, March–May 272. RIC V.2. Classical Numismatic Group. Photograph on Wikimedia Commons. The strike is later than 269.

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9. 09scholarship

   Arabic biographies of Salah al-Din. Vizierate in Fatimid Egypt, 1169.

10. 10scholarship

    Arabic histories of the Zanj rebellion in lower Iraq, beginning 869.

11. 11scholarship

    Arabic historiographical tradition on Jawhar’s conquest of Egypt and the founding of al-Qahira, 969.

12. 12primary

    Armstrong, Neil. NASA AS11-40-5874. Aldrin salutes the flag at Tranquility Base. Apollo Lunar Surface Journal image library assigns the frame to ground elapsed time 110:10:33. Liftoff was 16 July 1969, 13:32 UTC, so that elapsed time is 21 July 1969, 03:42 UTC. In Houston (CDT, UTC−5) the civil day was still 20 July 1969. NASA’s gallery caption prints 20 July. NARA’s 7/21/1969 0:00 is a catalog date with a midnight placeholder, not a shutter time. Public domain.

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13. 13archive

    Armstrong, Neil. Photograph of Buzz Aldrin on the Moon. NASA AS11-40-5927, 21 July 1969. Public domain, United States government work.

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14. 14primary

    Augustine. Retractationes, on Contra duas epistulas Pelagianorum. The work is dated 420 or a little later. Contra Julianum is commonly 421. Approximate is not promoted as a 420 bang.

15. 15primary

    Bede, Ecclesiastical History 4.1–2. Theodore of Tarsus, consecrated 26 March 668, reached his church at Canterbury on Sunday 27 May 669.

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16. 16journal

    Celsius, Anders. Paper on a hundred-degree thermometer. Uppsala, 1742. Later inversion of boiling and freezing points is a subsequent social fact.

17. 17primary

    Charles Green. Astronomical observations on the Endeavour voyage, 1769. Green died at Batavia on the return.

18. 18primary

    Charles V. Leyes Nuevas (New Laws of the Indies). Promulgated 20 November 1542. Ordinance restraining encomienda and Indian slavery in stated terms.

19. 19museum

    Codex Amiatinus. Wearmouth-Jarrow, early eighth century. Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence. Earliest nearly complete Latin Vulgate Bible. Later representation of the textual tradition, not a 420 object.

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20. 20primary

    Diamond Sutra woodblock scroll, dated 868, British Library. Control-year printed object.

21. 21primary

    Edmond Halley. Proposal for using transits of Venus to determine solar parallax. Philosophical Transactions, 1716 (method earlier than the 1761 and 1769 campaigns).

22. 22book

    Edward Wright. Certaine Errors in Navigation. London, 1599. Mathematical treatment of the projection Mercator had used.

23. 23scholarship

    Eknoyan, Garabed. 'Phosphorus: Chronicles of the epistemology of a vital element.' 2024. Places Brand’s isolation in 1669 as a reconstructed year in later chemical tradition.

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24. 24scholarship

    Eknoyan, Garabed. 'Phosphorus: Chronicles of the epistemology of a vital element.' Kidney International Reports, 2024.

25. 25scholarship

    Encyclopaedia Iranica, s.v. “Yazdegerd I” and “Bahrām V Gōr.” Specialist frame for the 399 to 420 reign, the “Sinner” title in Magian memory, Christian notices of the 410 synod, and the succession through Shapur IV, Khosrow, and Bahram V.

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26. 26reference

    Florentine record of the death of Galileo Galilei at Arcetri, 8 January 1642. The Dialogue is 1632; the trial is 1633.

27. 27primary

    Gerald of Wales. Expugnatio Hibernica. Partisan Latin account of the Angevin intervention in Ireland.

28. 28map

    Gerardus Mercator. Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata. Duisburg, 1569.

29. 29primary

    Historia Augusta, Life of Lucius Verus 9. The death is placed in 169, after which Marcus Aurelius ruled alone. The Historia Augusta is late and uneven. The year is the ordinary Roman chronology, not a daybook.

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30. 30reference

    Institution of Engineering and Technology. Archives biographies: Pierre de Maricourt, 'Peter Peregrinus.'

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31. 31reference

    Isaac Newton born 25 December 1642, Julian calendar, in England; 4 January 1643 in the Gregorian count already used in much of Catholic Europe. A calendar miss for a 1642 object.

32. 32primary

    James Cook. Journal of HMS Endeavour, 1768–1771. Transit observations at Tahiti, 3 June 1769.

33. 33patent

    James Watt. British patent 913, 5 January 1769. 'A new method of lessening the consumption of steam and fuel in fire-engines.'

34. 34primary

    Jerome. Prefaces to the books of the Latin Bible, and selected letters. Statements of Hebraica veritas, the Gospel revision for Damasus I (from 382), and the turn from the Septuagint to Hebrew for the Old Testament, completed around 405.

35. 35primary

    Josephus. The Jewish War. Contemporary-adjacent witness to the Judaean war that continues through 70 CE.

36. 36book

    Jung, C. G. 'Synchronizität als ein Prinzip akausaler Zusammenhänge.' In Jung and Pauli, Naturerklärung und Psyche. Zurich: Rascher, 1952. English 1955. Collected Works, vol. 8, The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, first in the Collected Works 1960; Princeton revised volume catalogued 1970.

37. 37scholarship

    Kelly, J. N. D. Jerome: His Life, Writings, and Controversies. London: Duckworth, 1975. Standard English biography; used here for context of Bethlehem, Hebrew study, and the limits of later hagiography.

38. 38archive

    Leonard Kleinrock and UCLA records of the first ARPANET transmission, 29 October 1969, UCLA to SRI.

39. 39primary

    Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. 1st ed. London: Thomas Basset, 1690. Title page dated 1690; publication began in late 1689.

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40. 40primary

    Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, Valladolid, 19 October 1469. Capitulations and chronicles.

41. 41journal

    Mendeleev, D. I. 'Sootnoshenie svoistv s atomnym vesom elementov.' Zhurnal Russkogo khimicheskogo obshchestva 1 (1869). Presented 6 March 1869 Julian by N. A. Menshutkin.

42. 42map

    Mercator, Gerardus. Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata. Duisburg, 1569. Composite of eighteen sheets. Public domain.

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43. 43archive

    Metallurgical Laboratory records of Chicago Pile-1. First controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction, 2 December 1942, University of Chicago. The original pile was dismantled.

44. 44primary

    Movses Khorenatsi. History of the Armenians. Fifth-century Armenian history. Notices Yazdegerd I’s death in 420 as by disease. Later Persian epic (Ferdowsi) gives a white horse near Tus; treated here as later legend, not as a first record.

45. 45archive

    NASA. Apollo 11 mission documentation: air-to-ground transcripts, photographs, and sample catalogs. July 1969.

46. 46journal

    Nature 1, no. 1 (4 November 1869). Norman Lockyer, editor; Macmillan, publisher. See also Nature, 'History of Nature.'

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47. 47primary

    Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku. Entry for the Jogan earthquake and tsunami, 9 July 869. Later confirmed in sediment studies of the Sendai plain.

48. 48primary

    Nithard. Histories, book III, chapter 5. Near-contemporary record of the Oaths of Strasbourg, 14 February 842, quoting early Romance and Old High German.

49. 49primary

    Novgorod First Chronicle tradition. Battle on the Ice, 5 April 1242. Later Life of Alexander Nevsky is a saint’s life, not a war diary.

50. 50reference

    Opening of the Suez Canal, 17 November 1869. Company and khedival records; later diplomatic history of the 1875 share purchase and 1882 occupation.

51. 51primary

    Peter Abelard and Heloise. Letter corpus, earlier than 1142. Death at St. Marcel, 21 April 1142, in Cluniac notices.

52. 52primary

    Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt. Epistola de magnete. Letter dated 8 August 1269, Lucera. First printed Augsburg, 1558. English: The Letter of Petrus Peregrinus on the Magnet, A.D. 1269. Translated by Brother Arnold. New York: McGraw, 1904.

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53. 53reference

    Proclamation of the Ming dynasty by Zhu Yuanzhang, 1368. Control year for 1369.

54. 54primary

    Procopius. History of the Wars, book II, chapters 22–23. Contemporary narrative of plague in Constantinople, 542, after Pelusium in 541.

55. 55primary

    Procopius. Wars, notices of Roman-Sasanian relations under Yazdegerd I. Agathias later questions parts of the Roman diplomatic legend. Used here as a limit, not as a proof of guardianship stories.

56. 56primary

    Prosper of Aquitaine and later fifth-century chronicles. Notices used for Hun and Vandal diplomacy in the early 440s, including a commonly dated 442 treaty with Geiseric.

57. 57primary

    Prosper of Aquitaine. Epitoma Chronicon. Fifth-century chronicle giving Jerome’s death in 420. The Western feast on 30 September follows this dating.

58. 58reference

    Reference accounts of Zenobia and the Palmyrene empire, c. 269, with campaign-year uncertainty.

59. 59reference

    Resumption of the Hundred Years’ War, 1369, under Charles V.

60. 60scholarship

    Ritchie, Dennis M., and Ken Thompson. Later accounts of the origin of the Unix system at Bell Labs, 1969–1973. Treat 1969 as development, 1970 as the name.

61. 61primary

    Robert Boyle. Papers on phosphorus and the 'aerial noctiluca,' 1680s. Public chemical record after Brand’s secret.

62. 62primary

    Roger Bacon. Opus tertium. c. 1267. Contains praise of an experimenter from Picardy, commonly identified with Peregrinus.

63. 63primary

    Royal proclamations and London newsbooks, 1642. Charles I raised his standard at Nottingham, 22 August 1642. Edgehill in October.

64. 64museum

    Russell, Ben. 'James Watt and the separate condenser.' Science Museum blog, 5 January 2019.

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65. 65primary

    Shen Yue. Song Shu (Book of Song). Official history of the Liu Song. Record of Liu Yu’s accession on 10 July 420 (Yongchu 1) at Jiankang, and of the ritual abdication of Emperor Gong.

66. 66primary

    Sidonius Apollinaris, Letters 1.7. The trial of Arvandus, praetorian prefect of Gaul, in Rome in 469, for correspondence with the Visigothic king Euric.

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67. 67scholarship

    Sikh janamsakhi tradition and modern discussion of Guru Nanak’s birth year (commonly 1469) and the Vaisakh/Katak date dispute.

68. 68museum

    Silver drachm of Yazdegerd I, Gurgan or Qum mint, 399 to 420. Classical Numismatic Group photograph. Lifetime coin, not a death scene.

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69. 69scholarship

    Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian. Compiled eleventh century. Narrative of the 419 killing of Emperor An and the 420 abdication; a later chronicle, not a 420 diary.

70. 70critical edition

    Sjöberg, Åke W., and Eugen Bergmann. The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns. Texts from Cuneiform Sources, vol. 3. Locust Valley, NY: J. J. Augustin, 1969. With a study by Gene B. Gragg.

71. 71scholarship

    Standard accounts of Wang Anshi’s New Policies, beginning 1069 under Song Shenzong.

72. 72scholarship

    Standard Song historiography and modern discussion of Yue Fei’s imprisonment and death, January 1142, after peace with the Jin. Later cult material is separated from the date.

73. 73museum

    Stone qilin statues at the Chuning Mausoleum, Qilin Town, Nanjing. Tomb of Liu Yu, Emperor Wu of Liu Song (d. 422). Period southern-dynasty sculpture.

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74. 74primary

    Tacitus. Histories. Narrative of 69 CE, written a generation later.

75. 75reference

    Traditional dating of the Year of the Elephant / birth of Muhammad to c. 570. Neighbor-year note only, internally contested.

76. 76primary

    Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing), 29 August 1842, between Great Britain and the Qing empire. Cession of Hong Kong, five ports, indemnity. Bilingual legal text.

77. 77archive

    Wannsee Protocol, 20 January 1942. Surviving minutes of a conference coordinating the already-begun mass murder of European Jews.

78. 78critical edition

    Weber, Robert, and Roger Gryson, eds. Biblia Sacra iuxta Vulgatam versionem. 5th ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2007. Critical text of the Latin Vulgate tradition Jerome shaped; not an autograph of 420.